ABSTRACT Among the several factors that interfere with the thermal performance of buildings, soil temperature is not always considered in thermal performance evaluations. However, soil temperature is a factor that influences the result of heat exchanges in the environment, especially in ground-level buildings. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate this influence due to the interaction of the soil with the building. In addition, due to the three-dimensional and transient character of the heat exchange processes involving the ground, the numerical approach becomes an important tool in the thermal performance analysis of buildings. In this respect, the software EnergyPlus emerges as an alternative to obtain such results, especially through the Basement preprocessor. Results suggest that, when the soil effect is considered in thermal analyses, the internal temperature of subterranean rooms increases up to 8.9% in the summer and decreases to 5.4% in winter. These results were obtained when compared to the initial situation, where soil influence had been neglected. Such results provide an indication of the importance of considering the soil influence on the thermal performance analyses where an accurate assessment is requested.

RESUMEN Entre los diversos factores que interfieren en el desempeño térmico de las edificaciones, la temperatura del suelo no siempre es considerada en las evaluaciones de desempeño térmico. Sin embargo, la temperatura del suelo es un factor que influye en el resultado final de los cambios de calor de los ambientes, principalmente en edificaciones térreas. De esta forma, se hace necesario evaluar dicha influencia debido a la interacción del suelo con la fundación y paredes de una edificación. Además, en función del carácter tridimensional y transitorio de los procesos de intercambio de calor envolviendo el suelo y las paredes subterráneas, el abordaje numérico se convierte en una herramienta importante en el análisis del desempeño térmico de las edificaciones. En este sentido, EnergyPlus figura como un software de simulación de carga térmica y desempeño energético de edificaciones y surge como una alternativa para la obtención de dichos resultados, sobre todo a través delpreprocesador Basement. Los resultados indican que, cuando el efecto del suelo es considerado en los análisis térmicos de edificación, la temperatura interna de las habitaciones subterráneas se eleva hasta un 8,9% en el verano, y se reduce hasta un 5,3% en el invierno. Estos resultados se han obtenido comparando la situación inicial, donde la influencia del suelo no era tomada en cuenta. Estos datos proporcionan indicaciones de la importancia de la consideración de la influencia del suelo en los análisis de desempeño térmico, donde se solicita una evaluación precisa.

Resumo A temperatura do solo é um dos fatores mais influentes nas avaliações de desempenho térmico de ambientes subterrâneos e quase sempre é desconsiderada. Por isso, é necessário avaliar essa influência devido à interação do solo com a edificação, pois a transferência de calor através de paredes e pisos subterrâneos tem uma extensão significativa na carga térmica total de uma edificação. Este trabalho compara e avalia o impacto de diferentes alternativas de modelagem presentes no programa de simulação EnergyPlus por meio da análise das trocas de calor entre o solo, o piso e as paredes de um ambiente subterrâneo de uma edificação unifamiliar de São Paulo, Brasil, não condicionada artificialmente e não isolada termicamente. A comparação das alternativas de modelagem por meio da análise recomendada pela NBR 15575 indicou grande variação nos resultados de temperatura interna do ambiente subterrâneo da edificação. Quando comparado ao pré-processador Basement, os modelos do objeto GroundDomain apresentaram variação de temperatura interna do ambiente subterrâneo de até 6 ºC no verão e de 5,2 ºC no inverno. Tais resultados fornecem indicações da influência e da variabilidade que o uso das diferentes opções de modelagem do EnergyPlus podem gerar em uma análise de desempenho térmico.

Abstract Soil temperature is one of the most influential factors in the evaluation of the thermal performance of underground environments, but it is almost always disregarded. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate this influence due to the interaction of the soil with the building, since heat transfer through subterranean walls and floors has a significant extension in the total thermal load of a building. This study compares and evaluates the impact of different modelling alternatives present in the EnergyPlus simulation program by analysing the heat exchanges between the soil, the floor and the walls of a basement of a single-story building in São Paulo, Brazil, not artificially conditioned and not insulated thermally. The comparison between the modelling alternatives through the analysis recommended by NBR 15575 indicated a large variation in the internal temperature results of the underground building environment. When compared with Basement pre-processor, the models of the object GroundDomain presented an internal temperature variation of the basement up to 6 ºC in the summer and up to 5.2 ºC in the winter. These results offer indications of the influence and variability that the use of the different modelling options present in EnergyPlus program can generate in a thermal performance analysis.

ABSTRACT Determination of the epidemiological profile of the American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and identification of Leishmania species that are prevalent in the State of Tocantins were carried out through a retrospective and descriptive study based on data reported in SINAN, in the period from 2011 to 2015. Molecular techniques such as PCR-RFLP and PCR-G6PD to amplify Leishmania DNA were performed on stored on Giemsa-stained slides from lesion scarifications of ATL patients who were amastigote-positive by the direct microscopic examination. There were 1,434 ATL cases in Tocantins reported in this period. The highest incidence was reported in men aged over 60 years, rural residents, the most affected ethnic group was mixed ethnicity (mixed black and white) and the ones with lower education. The predominant clinical form was cutaneous, being diagnosed mainly by laboratory methods. Pentavalent antimonial was effective in resolving cases. The predominant species found in 271 analyzed samples from 32 municipalities located in 8 different health regions of Tocantins was Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Identifying the epidemiological profile and characterizing the Leishmania spp species on regional level is essential to establish control and prevention behaviors, minimizing the number of cases and treatment resistance, recurrence and evolution to mucosal forms.

INTRODUCTION: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of response in the distal nephron to the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin. Manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, hyposthenuria, recurrent episodes of dehydration and fever and growth failure. Most cases are caused by mutations in the AVPR2 gene. The mutant receptors are trapped intracellularly. METHOD: We studied five boys using clinical, laboratory and molecular data. The mean age at diagnosis was 14.6 months (range 6 to 24) and 12.2 years (7.8 to 19) after the follow-up period. The mean period of follow-up was 132.2 ± 50.9 months. RESULTS: The geometric means of the z-scores of weight and stature were -4.5 and -3.6, respectively, at diagnosis. At the last medical appointment, the z-scores of weight and stature were -0.3 and -0.9, respectively. Three patients were diagnosed with ureterohydronephrosis and exhibited increased post-void urine volume. Mutations in the AVPR2 gene were found in all patients, and the carrier status was confirmed in four of five cases. Two unrelated children presented identical mutations (S167L) in arginine vasopressin R2. Two of the patients had a mutation that has already been described in other Brazilian families (R337X), and one patient showed a de novo mutation (Y128D) in arginine vasopressin R2, since his mother's molecular analysis was normal. The recurrence risk for this family was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: This study reports the clinical and laboratory characterization of Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and reiterates the importance of the genetic basis that underlies the disease diagnosis and genetic counseling.